Stated another way, Dr. Glantz is cautioning the FDA against assuming that e-cigarettes are safer than conventional cigarettes in terms of their effects on lung function.

Furthermore, later in the paper they reinforce this point more specifically, writing: "the cross-sectional nature of our study does not allow us to identify whether most youths are initiating smoking with conventional cigarettes and then moving on to (usually dual use of) e-cigarettes or vice versa...".

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