For example, I am proud of having been part of a team that was the first ever to report that the dietary supplement L-tryptophan can via the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. This important conclusion - which had major public health policy implications - was based on a single reported case of pulmonary hypertension. In other words, it was based on a single "anecdote." Had we dismissed this finding because a single anecdote is not data, then we would have failed to report this relationship and many more patients would have suffered that fate, possibly leading to fatalities.

Polito includes a table which compares the cessation success rates of unaided quitting compared to drugs in population-based studies. For heavy smokers, NRT achieves a 9% success rate compared to 15% for unassisted quitting.

Certainly, Stan owes an apology to Jacob and he owes an apology to CATO as well.

“The general idea is that it’s absolutely threatening to admit you’re wrong,” says political scientist Brendan Nyhan, the lead researcher on the Michigan study. The phenomenon — known as “backfire” — is “a natural defense mechanism to avoid that cognitive dissonance.”

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