At the time the experiment was initiated in 1932, the treatment for syphilis involved toxic drugs. However, by the 1940's, penicillin was readily available as a treatment for this infection. Nevertheless, the study continued and penicillin was not made available to these black men. Nor were they informed about the availability of the medicine or even of what disease they actually had.

This survey has two major implications for public health regulation.

If the FDA is not sure that removing all of the carcinogens from cigarettes - and reducing their concentrations to no more than trace levels - is going to make "smoking" safer (even forgetting the fact that there is no smoke and no combustion associated with vaping), then one has to ask whether the FDA is basing its positions only on science, and not on any political or ideological concerns.

Well, Polosa et al. have conducted exactly such a . They examined the changes in asthma symptoms among smokers who continue to smoke versus those who switch to electronic cigarettes. These investigators reported that in contrast to real cigarettes, the fake ones result in actual harm reversal. Lung function, asthma control, and asthma symptoms were significantly improved among patients who switched from regular cigarettes to electronic cigarettes. These improvements were even observed among patients who became dual users of both real and fake cigarettes.

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