Thus, it appears that cigarette filters did produce a small but measurable decline in cancer risks associated with smoking, while further design changes that lowered tar levels did not. In other words, there is evidence that filtered cigarettes produce lower cancer risks than non-filtered cigarettes. However, within the filtered cigarette category, there is no evidence that low-tar cigarettes confer any reduced cancer risk.

"The new survey [published by the ] ... provides further evidence that e-cigarettes help smokers quit... . Eighty-nine percent of the respondents reported that they had smoked at least 10 cigarettes a day before they started vaping, and 88 percent said they were not currently smokers. Those findings are similar to the results of focusing on people who participate in online vaping forums, reported last April in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. That study, which included more than 19,000 vapers from around the world, found that almost all of them (99.5 percent) were smokers when they started vaping. Four-fifths of them had stopped smoking completely, while the rest had reduced their cigarette consumption, on average, from 20 to four per day."

Second, he cites the press release from that study, which opened with the admonition that electronic cigarettes are a gateway to smoking. Clive writes: "There is no basis for drawing this unequivocal ‘gateway’ conclusion from the data presented in the study. None whatsoever – and the published study even makes this clear. In fact the data are consistent with the opposite hypothesis – that e-cigarettes are primarily used by smokers interested in quitting or cutting down. Indeed the observation that users have a higher intention to quit smoking lends support to that hypothesis more than to your preferred explanation."

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