The truth is that there are major advantages and disadvantages of both surveys and clinical trials to examine the potential benefits of electronic cigarettes. Both types of study designs have inherent biases which can produce results that are more "favorable" or "unfavorable." This is why the methodology of published research needs to be examined so carefully. It is not so simple as to dismiss RCT evidence and accept survey evidence. One needs to consider the strengths and limitations inherent in both approaches. And at the end of the day, the only defensible approach, I believe, is that both types of studies are necessary, and we must carefully interpret and synthesize the findings from studies of multiple designs, using the totality of the evidence to make final judgments about the benefits of electronic cigarettes.

Clearly, the FDA does not believe that there is sufficient evidence at the present time to conclude that cigarette smoking is any more hazardous than vaping.

We apologize for any inconvenience caused by these small, technical errors in our reporting.

While I still disagree with Leon's finding that serving as an expert witness is a relevant conflict because I do not see any relevant financial interest in the absence of the pertinence of a matter to a specific legal contract for hire of an expert, I do agree completely with his decision regarding the pharmaceutical conflicts of interest.

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