The results were reported as follows: "Increased duration of e-cigarette use was associated with fewer cigarettes smoked per day and differing patterns of dependence to e-cigarettes contingent upon smoking history. Additionally, increased duration of e-cigarette use was associated with increased frequency of use; however, this finding became nonsignificant when current tobacco cigarette use was accounted for, suggesting that individuals may increase e-cigarette use frequency as they decrease cigarette use. Overall, e-cigarette users tended to decrease the strength of nicotine in their e-cigarette products regardless of duration of use."

The article reports the results of a cross-sectional sample of adolescents interviewed in 2011 and 2012 in the National Youth Tobacco Survey. Youths were asked to report their smoking status as well as their e-cigarette use, both any use and current use (at least once in the past month).

The study enrolled 1,074 patients with cancer who were smokers and were therefore referred to a tobacco treatment program at a comprehensive cancer center during the years 2012 and 2013. Smoking status, nicotine dependence, and e-cigarette use was assessed at baseline and the patients were followed for six-month. The primary outcome was smoking cessation, measured as seven-day abstinence at follow-up.

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