1. The subjects did not consent to participate in the study.

Thus, before even conducting the study, these researchers have concluded that adult smokers and their family members are severely affected if they undergo surgery and return to a THS-polluted environment, because their healing process will be significantly delayed. Also, the researchers have concluded that individuals who are repeatedly exposed to thirdhand smoke have impaired healing. This includes elderly parents in households with smokers as well as housekeepers in hotels.

"The standard of consent for terms of service is low. But that “consent” is a legal fiction, designed to facilitate online interactions. (See and ’s books for more.) It’s very different from informed consent, the ethical and legal standard for human subjects research (HSR). The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, a/k/a the , requires that informed consent include:

"Their ads use celebrities."

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