And importantly, the same thing is being said today, in some hospitals, about smokers. A number of hospitals refuse to hire smokers not merely to reduce health care costs, but because they don't want their patients to have to even "see" a smoker.

Specifically, the survey of 2,000 11-18 year-olds in 2014 found that:

I can only hope that this new study will help the FDA realize the folly of its proposed approach to electronic cigarettes and develop a new set of regulations that directly set standards for the safety of the product.

3. "A recent survey conducted by Harris Decima, a Harris Interactive company, for Mistic e- cigarettes purports to document public support for use of e-cigarettes in in a variety of places, including airplanes, workplaces, sporting events, restaurants and bars, and more. But the survey should be looked at skeptically, inasmuch as, historically, research funded by the tobacco industry tends to yield results favorable to the industry's position. One only needs to refer to the landmark Department of Justice case against the tobacco companies to know their history of disseminating misinformation designed to protect industry profits."

The truth is that there are major advantages and disadvantages of both surveys and clinical trials to examine the potential benefits of electronic cigarettes. Both types of study designs have inherent biases which can produce results that are more "favorable" or "unfavorable." This is why the methodology of published research needs to be examined so carefully. It is not so simple as to dismiss RCT evidence and accept survey evidence. One needs to consider the strengths and limitations inherent in both approaches. And at the end of the day, the only defensible approach, I believe, is that both types of studies are necessary, and we must carefully interpret and synthesize the findings from studies of multiple designs, using the totality of the evidence to make final judgments about the benefits of electronic cigarettes.

Trueba et al. also found that higher depressive mood was associated with greater reductions in exhaled nitric oxide.

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