The study finds that e-cigarette use is associated with smoking status. In addition, e-cigarette use is associated with heavier smoking and with fewer periods of smoking abstinence.

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"Smoking is the single greatest cause of preventable illness and early death in England and most of the Western world," it said.

In fact, this is precisely what Trueba et al. demonstrated in a of changes in exhaled nitric oxide levels in 41 healthy college students.

"The standard of consent for terms of service is low. But that “consent” is a legal fiction, designed to facilitate online interactions. (See and ’s books for more.) It’s very different from informed consent, the ethical and legal standard for human subjects research (HSR). The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, a/k/a the , requires that informed consent include:

"This is duplicity," he said.

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