Based on this single study, Dr. Glantz concludes: "the FDA must be extremely careful about assuming that e-cigarettes uniformly pose less risk than conventional cigarettes."

"Congratulations to all the tens of thousands of vapers out there who have quit smoking using electronic cigarettes. You have helped to improve your health and perhaps save your life. You have taken the most important step in improving your health. And you have done a tremendous favor for your family, friends, and loved ones."

The problem is that in this cross-sectional study, there is no way to determine the direction of the observed relationship.

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