We will closely monitor the effect of the rules and conduct a formal review after 12 months.

1. The regulations do not limit the marketing of electronic cigarettes to youth.

Fortunately, there is a simple way to evaluate this hypothesis, at least on a preliminary basis, prior to waiting for the results of longitudinal studies. Enough youth are experimenting with electronic cigarettes, and the increase in youth e-cigarette use has been dramatic and sustained enough, that if the gateway hypothesis were correct, we would be starting to see an increase in smoking prevalence among youth due to the many new smoking initiates that were converted from e-cigarette experimentation to smoking.

Second, disclosure of conflicts of interest is essential to achieve the public health ethical principle of transparency. Readers have the right to know if there are any relevant conflicts that could be perceived as influencing the objectivity of scientific reports.

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