The study reports that at one year follow-up, the rate of smoking cessation among the baseline non-e-cigarette users was 13.8%, compared to 10.2% for the 88 electronic cigarette users, a difference that was not statistically significant. On this basis, the study concludes that electronic cigarettes are not effective for smoking cessation.

For example, I am proud of having been part of a team that was the first ever to report that the dietary supplement L-tryptophan can via the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. This important conclusion - which had major public health policy implications - was based on a single reported case of pulmonary hypertension. In other words, it was based on a single "anecdote." Had we dismissed this finding because a single anecdote is not data, then we would have failed to report this relationship and many more patients would have suffered that fate, possibly leading to fatalities.

Here, they find a correlation between e-cigarette use and higher and more sustained levels of smoking. But because this is a cross-sectional study, they cannot determine which came first. In other words, what is the direction of the causal relationship? Does the e-cigarette use precede, and cause, the smoking? Or does the smoking precede, and cause, the e-cigarette use?

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