Well, consider that by banning smoking at all private clubs but creating an exemption for the city's Banquet Hall, it could potentially establish a competitive advantage for the city-owned facility over private facilities in competition for business from people looking for venues for celebrations.

Anecdotes are in fact data. Of course, what you do with that data and how you interpret it is affected by the nature of how the data were obtained. But anecdotes are data. Remember, the connection between smoking and lung cancer itself was first uncovered by a case series. Physicians started to note multiple cases of lung cancer - which was very rare at the time - all occurring in smokers. While these patients could be called "anecdotes," they were also people who provided very real and important data that led to the discovery that smoking causes lung cancer. That connection would not have been found had these "anecdotes" been dismissed.

“The general idea is that it’s absolutely threatening to admit you’re wrong,” says political scientist Brendan Nyhan, the lead researcher on the Michigan study. The phenomenon — known as “backfire” — is “a natural defense mechanism to avoid that cognitive dissonance.”

Their chief example is striking: many tobacco control researchers are referring to electronic cigarettes as "tobacco products." However, e-cigarettes are not tobacco products. They contain no tobacco whatsoever.

Therefore, their use of these studies to draw conclusions about the efficacy of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation appears to me to be knowingly dishonest.

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