"It is difficult to estimate the extent to which industry-generated research activities have influenced scientific thinking regarding the effects of nicotine on cognitive performance and on nicotine’s therapeutic applications. Authors’ industry affiliations and potential conflicts of interest reported in publications may go unnoticed by readers, may be difficult to identify, or may not be disclosed at all. Reviews and other articles citing industry-affiliated studies generally did not include author affiliations or potential conflicts of interest at all, leaving the readers unaware of possible industry influences."

The main results were as follows: "In thesurvey of e-cig users, dependence on e-cigs was significantly lower than it hadbeen on cigarettes (8.6 v 14.9). ... Currente-cig users are significantly less dependent on e-cigs than they were oncigarettes prior to switching."

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