In this cross-sectional study, a sample of adults who smoked at any point in the past 12 months was identified from a national household survey conducted in England between 2009 and 2014. Criteria for inclusion in the study were: (1) having made a serious quit attempt in the past year; (2) having used e-cigarettes alone, NRT alone, or an unaided quit attempt during their most recent quit attempt; and (3) not having used a prescription cessation drug or behavioral counseling during their most recent quit attempt.

5. "The concentrations of elements and metals showed a 2.4-fold increase for aluminum." [However, there was no significant increase for any other metal, including copper, chromium, nickel, lead, tin, vanadium, or zinc.]

In the deeming regulation proposal, the FDA states: "Many consumers believe that e-cigarettes are "safe" tobacco products or are "safer" than cigarettes. FDA has not made such a determination and conclusive research is not available."

Wimmer implies that electronic cigarettes contain tobacco, arguing that: "There is no safe form of tobacco. Right now, the public health and medical community or consumers have no way of knowing what chemicals are contained in an e-cigarette or what the short and long term health implications might be."

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