"Frieden acknowledged that “stick to stick, they’re almost certainly less toxic than cigarettes" and that many people have quit smoking tobacco cigarettes with the help of e-cigarettes. However, he said, “the plural of anecdote is not data.”"

The randomized study provides a number of important benefits that can never be realized in a survey study. Most importantly, the RCT can equalize between study groups the known and unknown confounding variables that may lead to invalid study results.

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One of my first assignments at the Office on Smoking and Health at CDC was to evaluate the evidence regarding the relationship between changes in tar yield of cigarettes and the risk of lung cancer. I examined the literature regarding both the introduction of the filter and other design changes that subsequently led to very low tar yields. My conclusion was that the filter itself produced a massive decline in tar yields, so great that even with smoker compensation, the lung cancer risk declined. However, further declines in tar yields were apparently not sufficient to overcome compensation, and lung cancer risks did not decline any further. Thus, my conclusion was that the filter produced small but measurable declines in lung cancer risk, but low-tar cigarettes within the filtered cigarette category conveyed no decrease in lung cancer risk.

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