Similarly, the study found that 2.9% of the baseline nonsmokers had ever tried an electronic cigarette in the past year. It could have been that the respondent took a single puff on an electronic cigarette and never took another puff.

"It is difficult to estimate the extent to which industry-generated research activities have influenced scientific thinking regarding the effects of nicotine on cognitive performance and on nicotine’s therapeutic applications. Authors’ industry affiliations and potential conflicts of interest reported in publications may go unnoticed by readers, may be difficult to identify, or may not be disclosed at all. Reviews and other articles citing industry-affiliated studies generally did not include author affiliations or potential conflicts of interest at all, leaving the readers unaware of possible industry influences."

But there is another important factor that Glantz is forgetting. In the existing studies, the smokers examined had simply cut down on the amount they smoked without substituting another source of nicotine. Therefore, they were highly likely to be compensating by inhaling much more heavily on the cigarettes that they smoked. In contrast, when dual users of e-cigarettes and cigarettes cut down substantially on their smoking, they are doing so by substituting non-tobacco, nicotine cigarettes. One would expect much less, if any, compensation. Thus, the studies that Glantz cites are not quite as relevant as they would otherwise be.

The authors conclude with a section entitled "What Needs to Happen?"

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