The authors admit this in the paper. They write: "This is a cross-sectional study, which only allows us to identify associations, not causal relationships."

Furthermore, the web site to which Wimmer links (NEwhere) does not claim that electronic cigarettes are safe. Instead, it suggests that they are safer than cigarettes. In fact, NEwhere acknowledges that electronic cigarettes are not 100% safe, as they do deliver formaldehyde. It its customers that: "electronic cigarettes are not a panacea for smokers. Electronic cigarettes do still contain the harmful chemical formaldehyde in their vapors."

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