"It is difficult to estimate the extent to which industry-generated research activities have influenced scientific thinking regarding the effects of nicotine on cognitive performance and on nicotine’s therapeutic applications. Authors’ industry affiliations and potential conflicts of interest reported in publications may go unnoticed by readers, may be difficult to identify, or may not be disclosed at all. Reviews and other articles citing industry-affiliated studies generally did not include author affiliations or potential conflicts of interest at all, leaving the readers unaware of possible industry influences."

The impact of this confounding is that it will bias the results towards finding that e-cigarettes are much less effective than other approaches. In fact, this is exactly what happened and it is the reason why the evidence that Glantz and others are citing to support their contention that e-cigarettes hinder smoking cessation is invalid.

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