The communications director for another national anti-smoking group added: "This just goes to show that the tobacco companies have not changed. They will go to any extent to keep America's children smoking, even paying university scientists to do their dirty work for them."

Neither the survey approach or the RCT approach is perfect. Both have major strengths and significant limitations. The best way to proceed is to conduct both types of studies and to synthesize the results across study designs, keeping in mind the methodological strengths and limitations of each individual study. Only by looking at this totality of the evidence can we draw valid scientific conclusions.

The main results were as follows: "In thesurvey of e-cig users, dependence on e-cigs was significantly lower than it hadbeen on cigarettes (8.6 v 14.9). ... Currente-cig users are significantly less dependent on e-cigs than they were oncigarettes prior to switching."

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